INTRODUCTION:

Since the beginning of human history, plants have provided humans with the basic necessities of food, clothing, and shelter in addition to serving as their primary source of healthcare. Texts from the ancient Chinese, Indian, and other civilizations provide documented evidence of the medical applications of plants. Humans have produced a vast pharmacopoeia of medicinal plants that are used to cure a variety of illnesses as a result of their ongoing search for localized therapies for illnesses. Traditional medicine has always been mostly composed of medicinal plants.^1-3

Traditional medicine (TM) is defined as the sum total of the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health, as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. In many nations, the phrases complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and traditional medicine are used interchangeably.^4,5

Since the dawn of human civilization, plant species have been used as the main constituents in traditional medicine. The traditional understanding of plants' therapeutic uses was derived from firsthand observations and experiences. The majority of this knowledge was transmitted orally from one generation to the next. Most societies don't have written records of this kind of information. Ethnobotanical methods, or the study of traditional plant knowledge, are one method among many for choosing plants for phytochemical and biological investigations that could result in the discovery of useful medications like taxol. Bioprospecting efforts have recently focused on habitats with significant plant diversity, such as the Himalaya and Tropical Rainforests, because a large percentage of their plants have not yet undergone chemical or biological screening. In the absence of documented ethnobotanical information, the sole bioprospecting alternative is to randomly select plants for phytochemical study.^5-10

Located in the center of the vast Himalayan range, Nepal (147,181 km²) is sandwiched between two Asian giants, China to the north and India to the south. Rich flora and fauna are provided by her altitudinal variation, which stretches from nearly sea level (about 70 meters) to the summit of the world (8,848 meters), climatic variations, varied topography, and an abundance of ecological habitats. It is thought that Nepal is home to a number of species of medicinal plants. The Department of Plant Resources of the Nepalese government issued the first comprehensive assessment of medicinal plants found in the country, which put the number of aromatic and medicinal plant species at 483. There are 1624 medicinal and aromatic plants that can be found in Nepal, including those that are cultivated, imported, and native, according to the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Data Base of Nepal (MAPDON). According to a more recent book, there are as many as 1792 aromatic and medicinal plants in Nepal.^10-13

The usage of therapeutic herbs in Nepal's traditional medical system stretches back at least 500 years. Traditional medicine has been a vital aspect of Nepal's national health system, despite its modest profile. Traditional medicine, like the allopathic system, is encouraged in all fields due to its efficacy, availability, safety, and affordability when compared to allopathic medications. For hundreds of years, traditional healers in our nation Nepal have practiced indigenous remedies. Indigenous knowledge has been passed down from generation to generation in the form of inherited culture, and such practices have been passed down verbally, with just a small portion of the information written in books and other religious scriptures. Many healers' expertise may be on the verge of extinction.^14,15 Historically, medicinal plants have served as a source of inspiration for new therapeutic medications, as plant-derived medications have significantly improved human health and wellbeing. The compounds that plants contain that have a physiological effect on humans are what give them their therapeutic worth. These substances include, among many others, alkaloids, tannins, essential oils, and resins. However, most of the existing information on these plants' therapeutic potential is not backed up by trustworthy scientific evidence. As a result, substantial research is required to establish the chemical ingredients and their biological consequences.²

Plant materials can be evaluated pharmacologically and phytochemically to identify lead chemicals that can be developed into new, safe medications. This is a well-established process. The role of medicinal plants and traditional health systems in treating the world's health care challenges is growing. The discovery of a significant fraction of these therapeutic substances has been made possible by ethno-medical understanding of their traditional applications. For phytochemical and biological screening, Desmostachya bipinnata was chosen based on the ethno-pharmacological literature. Within the Poaceae/Gramineae family, Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf is an official medication in the ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. The plant's various parts were widely used in traditional and folkloric medicine in India to treat a wide range of illnesses in humans, including wounds, asthma, thirst, jaundice, vaginal discharges, vesicle calculi, bladder disorders, and skin eruptions. They were also used as analgesics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory agents, diuretics, and more.^16,17

This study is designed to analyze possible antimicrobial action of the plant. This can ultimately encourage further research work on the plant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Study Design and Site:

This is a design for an experimental and exploratory investigation. The research was conducted in Natural Product Research Laboratory and pharmacology and pharmacy laboratory of the pharmacy department, Maharajgunj Medical Campus. Antimicrobial screening was carried out in microbiology laboratory of Maharajgunj Medical Campus. Some of the tests are carried out in biochemistry laboratory of TUTH.

Plant Collection and Identification:

The roots of plant materials were collected from Galkot, Baglung. The plant was identified at National Herbarium and Plant Laboratory, Godavari, Lalitpur.

Plant Processing and Extractions:

The plant materials were cut into pieces and dried at room temperature in open air. Dried sample was crushed into powder by electric blender and subjected to extraction by using solvents, viz, Petroleum benzene, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanol.

Phytochemical Screening:

Phytochemical screening was done to identify the main groups of chemical constituents present in different extract of Desmostachya bipinnata by their colour reactions with different reagents. Four extracts viz: Petroleum, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic, were subjected for carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, proteins and amino acids using a test procedure as mentioned in the standard.¹⁸

Antimicrobial Screening of the extract:

In recent decades, there has been an increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobial medicines due to their widespread usage and misuse. Antimicrobial resistance has lead to treatment failure and the shift of medical care from orthodox to herbal medicine. Most of the herbal medicines in use await validation of their claimed effects and possibly the development of novel antimicrobial drugs from them. Preliminary antimicrobial test of D. bipinnata extract was carried out by well diffusion method. The extract was subjected for antimicrobial screening using reference standard, Gentamicin (10µg).^18-22

Requirements:

· Petri plates containing Mueller Hinton agar

· Distilled water

· Conical flasks

· Sterile cork borer (diameter- 6mm)

· Micropipette (0.1 ml)

· Sterile cotton swab

· Inoculating loop

· Forceps

· Ruler

Microorganisms: The following microorganisms were used in the screening of anti-microbial activity of plant extracts:

· Gram positive organisms: Staphylococcus aureus

· Gram negative organisms: Escherichia coli

Anti-microbial agents: Microorganisms and antibiotics disc of reference standard, Gentamicin (10µg) were obtained from microbiology laboratory of Maharajgunj Medical Campus.

Plant extracts: Anti-microbial screening was performed in the methanolic extract of the plant. The extract solutions were prepared by dissolving in 20% DMSO and were prepared of different concentrations, viz. 1, 2.5, 5mg/ml

Methods: Antimicrobial test of plant extracts was carried out by well diffusion method.

Procedure: Plates were prepared with Mueller Hinton Agar for use in the Bauer- Kirby Method for rapidly growing aerobic organisms. The medium in the plates were sterile and had depth of about 4mm.

· Mueller Hinton agar media was prepared by the method mentioned. The prepared media was sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 20 minutes. The sterilized media was then cooled about 500C and poured into sterile petri dish with the size of 85mm diameter and left for solidification.

· Bacterial suspension was prepared by inoculating loop full of bacteria to 5ml Tryptone soya broth and incubated at 35-37C for 2-8hours until light to moderate turbidity develops. Turbidity of the inoculum was compared with that of standard 0.5 McFarland standard (Prepared by mixing 0.5ml of 1.175% barium chloride and 99.5ml of 0.36N sulfuric acid).

· A sterile non- toxic cotton swab on a wooden applicator was dipped into the standardized inoculums and rotated the soaked swab firmly against the upper inside wall of the tube to express excess of fluid. The entire agar surface of the plate was streaked with the swab three times, turning the plate at 60 angles between each streaking.

· Wells were made in agar plates with the help of sterile cork borer having the diameter of 6mm and labeled appropriately with the help of permanent marker pen.

· 100µl of extract of different concentrations and vehicle were placed in each well of medium. Similarly, standard antibiotic disc was also placed at center of the same plate.

· Triplicate for each plate was made.

· All the plates with extracts and standard were placed in refrigerator to allow diffusion for 24hours then incubated at 37⁰C for 24 hours.

· The zone of inhibition was measured and compared with standard.^23,24

Brine Shrimp Bioassay: The brine shrimp lethality test (BST) was used to predict the presence, in the extracts, of cytotoxic activity. The test is easily mastered, simple, rapid, efficient and inexpensive that utilizes small amount of test material (toxin) to perform the test in the microwell scale. It is one of the best and rapid method especially with plant extracts. It easily utilizes a large number of organisms for statistical validation and requires no special equipment and a relatively small amount of sample. Novel cytotoxic, antitumor, and pesticidal compounds can be isolated from potential plant sources through the assessment of cytotoxic activity against brine shrimps. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in terms of LC50 (lethality concentration).^25–30

Table 1: Toxic levels of Brine shrimp bioassay

*LC₅₀ Value*	*Remarks*
< 100	Potent
< 1000	Toxic
> 1000	Non-Toxic

Calculation of LC₅₀: LC₅₀ value of the extract was calculated by plotting mean % mortality against logarithm of concentration. The regression equation was obtained by trend line plotting in MS-Excel 2007, and LC₅₀ was calculated using the equation.^31,32

RESULTS:

Extractive value:

The extractive value of the plant with different solvents was found as follows:

Table 2: Extractive value of D. bipinnata roots.

Extracts	Yield %
Petroleum benzene Extract	0.46%
Chloroform Extract	0.81%
Ethyl acetate Extract	0.53%
Methanol Extract	6.30%

Phytochemical Screening:

Phytochemical Screening of the plant showed the presence of different group of active constituents. The result obtained was tabulated as follows:

Table 3: Phytochemical screening of D. bipinnata roots.

Chemical Constituents	Results (- implies absent and + implies present)
Chemical Constituents	Petroleum Benzene	Chloroform	Ethyl Acetate	Methanol
Carbohydrates	-	-	+	+
Flavonoids	-	-	+	-
Anthraquinone Glycosides	-	+	+	+
Cardiac Glycosides	-	-	-	-
Tannins	-	-	-	-
Saponins	-	-	+	+
Phenolic Compounds	-	-	+	+
Alkaloids	-	-	-	+
Proteins	+	+	+	+

Antimicrobial Activity Analysis:

Table 4 shows the preliminary results of antibacterial potential of Desmostachya bipinnata. The result showed that the extract was active against both Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacteria) and DMSO had no inhibitory action on the bacteria used.

Extract showed dose dependent inhibitory action with increase in zone of inhibition from low to high dose of extract.

Table 4: Antibacterial potential of D. bipinnata against S. aureus and E. coli in MHA cup diffusion method.

Samples	Dose (mcg/cup)	Zone of Inihibition (Mean±SEM) mm
Samples	Dose (mcg/cup)	*S. aureus*	*E. coli*
DMSO	20 %	-	-
Gentamicin	10	27.66 ± 0.88	28.33 ± 0.88
Extract	100	16.66 ± 0.66	16.66 ± 0.66
Extract	250	20.00 ± 0.57	22.66 ± 0.33
Extract	5oo	24.66 ± 0.33	27.33 ± 0.66

Brine Shrimp Bioassay Analysis:

Methanolic extract D. bipinnata showed cytotoxic activity. LC₅₀ value of methanolic extract was found to be 421.69μg/ml. The result is tabulated below:

Table 5: Cytotoxic Activity of methanolic extract of D. bipinnata

Treatment	Concentration (z) (ppm)	Log (z) = x	Average no. of Death (y) ± SEM	LC₅₀
Methanolic Extract	100	2.00	1.33 ± 0.33	421.69
	250	2.40	2.33 ± 0.33
	500	2.70	5.33 ± 0.66
	750	2.88	6.66 ± 0.33
	1000	3.00	8.33 ± 0.33
Standard (K₂CrO₄)	40	1.60	10.00 ± 0.00
Control(Sea water)	-	-	0.00 ± 0.00

The Brine Shrimp bioassay of extract was analyzed by using one way ANOVA (Post hoc Tukey method). The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

*P<0.05 versus control.

Each value represents the average value for 3 experiments.

LC₅₀ value of the extract was calculated by plotting mean % mortality against logarithm of concentration. The regression equation was obtained by trend line plotting in MS-Excel 2007, and LC₅₀ was calculated using the equation

Fig. 2: LC₅₀ of D. bipinnata

DISCUSSION:

Plants are the reservoirs of chemicals. The bioactive molecules present in plants may have evolved as chemical defenses against predation, infection or adverse environmental changes. plants have synthesized compounds whose structural diversity may be beyond the dreams of even the most imaginative organic chemists. Some plant species have evolved chemical pathways to produce compounds that are capable of curing many diseases. The present work, “Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of roots of Desmostachya bipinnata” was, therefore, undertaken to find the major groups of phytochemicals present and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the plants’ roots. The dried powder of the plant was subjected to successive extraction with various solvents, and the extractive value was found to be 0.46% with petroleum benzene, 0.81% with chloroform, 0.53% with ethyl acetate and 6.30% with methanol.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Desmostachya bipinnata root shows various types of chemical compounds like carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and proteins, as shown in table 3, which provide the base for the occurrence medicinally active constituents. Therefore, compounds generated from these experiments have provided the chemical basis for the wide use of this plant as therapeutic agent for treating various diseases.

The antimicrobial screening of the plant extract revealed the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive microorganism) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative microorganism) (Table 4). For antimicrobial activity screening, DMSO (20%) was kept as control which shows no any antimicrobial effect. Gentamicin (10 mcg) was kept as standard, which gave greater zone of inhibition than any dose of extract tested. Gentamicin is a bactericidal antibiotic and its antimicrobial activity is due to misreading of m-RNA code an causing permeability of cell wall. The exact mechanism of antimicrobial effect of the extract was not known. However, the antimicrobial effect may be due to presence of phenolic compounds and phenolic compound mediated mechanisms like binding with enzymes, proteins, cell wall substances, etc. But further studies like isolation of compounds and studies on isolated compounds is needed to be done to find exact mechanism. However, the present study have shown the potential source for novel antimicrobial agent.

Brine shrimp bioassay of the methanolic extract revealed that the plant had cytotoxic property against brine shrimp nauplii. LC₅₀ value of methanolic extract was found to be 421.69µg/ml. LC₅₀ value of the extract was obtained by plotting mean % mortality against logarithm of concentration. The regression equation was obtained by trend line plotting in MS-Excel 2010, and LC₅₀ was calculated using the equation. The plant can be selected for further cell line assay because a direct correlation between cytotoxicity and activity against the brine shrimp nauplii exists.

As this plant showed promising biological activity, detailed phytochemical and pharmacological studies are needed to identify the principle constituent(s) responsible for other activities too.

CONCLUSION:

This study was conducted for preliminary phytochemical study of different extracts and to study some biological effects of methanolic extract of Desmostachya bipinnata roots. From this research work, it is found that the plant possess different phytochemical constituents like Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, proteins, flavonoids, phenolic compound and Saponins and the plant possess significant antimicrobial activity.

Taking into account the results obtained, it may be concluded that the plant possessed medicinal values which may generate safe and effective pharmaceutical alternatives. However, to reach any conclusive decision a detailed phytochemical study for isolation, purification, identification, and characterization of the compound and biological studies with exact mechanism of action responsible for the particular biological activity, is necessary. Hence future investigations are highly recommended to elucidate the mechanisms of action; to evaluate their potential long-term toxicities; and to isolate, purify, and identify the active components. phytochemical analysis, long term toxicity study, extraction and isolation along with few clinical trials may lead to development of potential bio-product in the treatment of human diseases and disorders.

For sustainable utilization and income generation; preservation and conservation of this plant should be encouraged. Besides contributing to the preservation of such medicinally important species, ethno-medical knowledge about such plants within the region should be documented along with scientific evidences before they extinct.

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Received on 02.01.2024 Modified on 19.04.2024

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2024; 14(3):206-212.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00033